Adventures with Mac.1967.Holt,Rinehart and Winston.c2c.GETFREEDREGS.pdf
上传时间:2024-02-08 页数:70
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第一单元 负数1、负数的由来:为了表示相反意义的两个量(如盈利亏损、收入支出……),光有学过的0 1 3.4 2/5……是远远不够的。所以出现了负数,以盈利为正、亏损为负;以收入为正、支出为负2、负数:小于0的数叫负数(不包括0),数轴上0左边的数叫做负数。若一个数小于0,则称它是一个负数。负数有无数个,其中有(负整数,负分数和负小数)负数的写法:数字前面加负号-号,不可以省略例如:-2,-5.33,-45,-2/5正数:大于0的数叫正数(不包括0),数轴上0右边的数叫做正数若一个数大于0,则称它是一个正数。正数有无数个,其中有(正整数,正分数和正小数)正数的写法:数字前面可以加正号+号,也可以省略不写。例如:+2,5.33,+45,2/54、0 既不是正数,也不是负数,它是正、负数的分界限负数都小于0,正数都大于0,负数都比正数小,正数都比负数大5、数轴:6、比较两数的大小:①利用数轴:负数<0<正数 或 左边<右边②利用正负数含义:正数之间比较大小,数字大的就大,数字小的就小。负数之间比较大小,数字大的反而小,数字小的反而大1/3>1/6 -1/3<-1/6第二单元 百分数二(一)、折扣和成数1、折扣:用于商品,现价是原价的百分之几,叫做折扣。通称打折。几折就是十分之几,也就是百分之几十。例如:八折=8/10=80﹪,六折五=6.5/10=65/100=65﹪解决打折的问题,关键是先将打的折数转化为百分数或分数,然后按照求比一个数多(少)百分之几(几分之几)的数的解题方法进行解答。商品现在打八折:现在的售价是原价的80﹪商品现在打六折五:现在的售价是原价的65﹪2、成数:几成就是十分之几,也就是百分之几十。例如:一成=1/10=10﹪八成五=8.5/10=85/100=80﹪解决成数的问题,关键是先将成数转化为百分数或分数,然后按照求比一个数多(少)百分之几(几分之几)的数的解题方法进行解答。这次衣服的进价增加一成:这次衣服的进价比原来的进价增加10﹪今年小麦的收成是去年的八成五:今年小麦的收成是去年的85﹪(二)、税率和利率1、税率(1)纳税:纳税是根据国家税法的有关规定,按照一定的比率把集体或个人收入的一部分缴纳给国家。(2)纳税的意义:税收是国家财政收入的主要来源之一。国家用收来的税款发展经济、科技、教育、文化和国防安全等事业。(3)应纳税额:缴纳的税款叫做应纳税额。(4)税率:应纳税额与各种收入的比率叫做税率。(5)应纳税额的计算方法:应纳税额=总收入×税率收入额=应纳税额÷税率2、利率(1)存款分为活期、整存整取和零存整取等方法。(2)储蓄的意义:人们常常把暂时不用的钱存入银行或信用社,储蓄起来,这样不仅可以支援国家建设,也使得个人用钱更加安全和有计划,还可以增加一些收入。(3)本金:存入银行的钱叫做本金。(4)利息:取款时银行多支付的钱叫做利息。(5)利率:利息与本金的比值叫做利率。(6)利息的计算公式:利息=本金×利率×时间利率=利息÷时间÷本金×100%(7)注意:如要上利息税(国债和教育储藏的利息不纳税),则:税后利息=利息-利息的应纳税额=利息-利息×利息税率=利息×(1-利息税率)税后利息=本金×利率×时间×(1-利息税率)购物策略:估计费用:根据实际的问题,选择合理的估算策略,进行估算。购物策略:根据实际需要,对常见的几种优惠策略加以分析和比较,并能够最终选择最为优惠的方案学后反思:做事情运用策略的好处第三单元 圆柱和圆锥一、圆柱1、圆柱的形成:圆柱是以长方形的一边为轴旋转而得的。圆柱也可以由长方形卷曲而得到。两种方式:1.以长方形的长为底面周长,宽为高;2.以长方形的宽为底面周长,长为高。其中,第一种方式得到的圆柱体体积较大。2、圆柱的高是两个底面之间的距离,一个圆柱有无数条高,他们的数值是相等的3、圆柱的特征:(1)底面的特征:圆柱的底面是完全相等的两个圆。(2)侧面的特征:圆柱的侧面是一个曲面。(3)高的特征 :圆柱有无数条高4、圆柱的切割:①横切:切面是圆,表面积增加2倍底面积,即S 增 =2πr²②竖切(过直径):切面是长方形(如果h=2R,切面为正方形),该长方形的长是圆柱的高,宽是圆柱的底面直径,表面积增加两个长方形的面积,即S增=4rh5、圆柱的侧面展开图:①沿着高展开,展开图形是长方形,如果h=2πr,则展开图形为正方形②不沿着高展开,展开图形是平行四边形或不规则图形③无论怎么展开都得不到梯形6、圆柱的相关计算公式:底面积 :S底=πr²底面周长:C底=πd=2πr侧面积 :S侧=2πrh表面积 :S表=2S底+S侧=2πr²+2πrh体积 :V柱=πr²h考试常见题型:①已知圆柱的底面积和高,求圆柱的侧面积,表面积,体积,底面周长②已知圆柱的底面周长和高,
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